L'EnvA représentée lors d'un congrès de parasitologie

Karim Adjou, professeur à l'EnvA, a présenté ses résultats (obtenus en collaboration avec Dheilly Nolwenn de l'UMR de Virologie d'Alfort) sur la première identification en France d'un virus (cryspovirus) dans les cryptosporidies (parasites du tube digestif) qui circulent chez les ruminants domestiques (veau, agneau et chevreau) en France. Le séquençage des Cryspovirus des différentes espèces sera effectué afin de savoir s’il peut être utilisé comme traçeur pour le suivi épidémiologique de la maladie dans les élevages.

Karim Adjou¹, Aurélie Chevillot¹, Houria Louifi¹, Mohamed Mammeri¹, Myriam Thomas¹, Yannick Blanchard², Grégory Karadjan¹, Bruno Polack¹, Nolwenn Dheilly³
1-Veterinary school of Alfort, Umr Bipar (enva, Anses, Inrae), Maisons-Alfort, France,
2-ANSES, Viral Genetics And Biosafety, Ploufragan, France,
3-ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, Umr 1161 Virology Anses/inrae/enva, Maisons-Alfort, France

Introduction: Cryptosporidium parvum virus 1 (CSpV1), of the genus Cryspovirus, was first reported to be present in the cytoplasm of C. parvum in 1997. Presently, two studies conducted in diarrheic calves have assessed the frequency of Cryspovirus in Cryptosporidium spp. The first study showed that in Japan, CSpV1 has a prevalence of 100% in calves and could be used as a sensitive target to trace the regional distribution of the C. parvum. The second study was conducted in Turkey where the prevalence of CSpV1 was estimated at 8.8% in C. parvum. However, in Europe no study has been conducted to date to determine the presence of Cryspovirus in Cryptosporidium spp. The aims of this study were: 1) to determine by PCR (18S rRNA, PCR-RFLP, gp60) the presence of Cryptosporidium in calves, lambs and kids in different regions of France, 2) to determine by PCR the presence of Cryspovirus in these Cryptosporidium isolates, 3) to genotype the virus in order to know if it could be used as an epidemiological tracer of cryptosporidiosis in France.

Methods: A total of 118 fecal samples were collected from 16 different French departments (53 diseased animal fecal samples and 65 healthy animal fecal samples).

Results: Subtyping analysis of the C. parvum isolates revealed the presence of 2 zoonotic subtypes families IIa and IId. For the first time, this study showed the presence of this Cryspovirus in France with a frequency of 88.88% in calves, 83.33% in lambs, and 75% in goat kids. Sequence analysis of CSpV1 from these Cryptosporidium isolates aimed to explore whether the virus genome diversity varies over time, with geographical sampling location, with C. parvum genetic diversity or with ruminant host species.

Conclusions: Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the closest sequence to the virus would come from Turkey.

Filip Dámek¹, Marieke Opsteegh², Helga Waap³, Pikka Jokelainen⁴, Delphine Le Roux⁵, Gunita Deksne⁶, Huifang Deng², Gereon Schares⁷, Anna Lunden⁸, Gema Álvarez-García⁹, Martha Betson¹⁰, Rebecca Davidson¹¹, Adriana Gyorke¹², Daniela Antolova¹³, Zuzana Hurnikova¹³, Henk J. Wisselink¹⁴, Jacek Sroka¹⁵, Siv Klevar¹⁶, Rob Van Spronsen², Radu Blaga¹, Arno Swart²
1-Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort - JRU BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, Maisons-Alfort, France,
2-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre For Infectious Disease Control - Zoonoses And Environmental Microbiology, Bilthoven, Netherlands,
3-Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Laboratório De Parasitologia, Oieras, Portugal,
4-Statens Serum Institut, Infectious Disease Preparedness, Copenhagen, Denmark,
5-Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire De Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France,
6-Animal Health and Environment BIOR, Institute Of Food Safety, Riga, Latvia,
7-Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute Of Epidemiology, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany,
8-National Veterinary Institute, Department Of Microbiology, Uppsala, Sweden,
9-Complutense University of Madrid, Saluvet, Animal Health Department, Faculty Of Veterinary Sciences, Madrid, Spain,
10-University of Surrey, School Of Veterinary Medicine, Guildford, United Kingdom,
11-Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Food Safety And Animal Health, Tromsø, Norway,
12-University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Department Of Parasitology And Parasitic Diseases, Faculty Of Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania,
13-Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute Of Parasitology, Košice, Slovak Republic,
14-Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, -, Lelystad, Netherlands,
15-Veterinary Research Institute, Department Of Parasitology And Invasive Diseases, Pulawy, Poland,
16-National Veterinary Institute, Department Of Animal Health, Oslo, Norway

Introduction: Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic parasite of importance to both human and animal health. The parasite has various transmission routes, and meat of infected animals appears to be a major source of infection in Europe. We aimed to develop an age-dependent model for T. gondii prevalence in a selection of its key animal host species in Europe.

Methods: A systematic literature review, containing 275 eligible publications, was followed by a meta-analysis using a Bayesian model, including relevant covariates, to create an age-dependent model for T. gondii prevalence in 37 animal species.

Results: Overall estimated seroprevalence ranged from 4.3% in buffaloes to 58.9% in sheep. Prevalence estimates at slaughter age varied between European regions and types of detection method applied. Using indirect detection methods, T. gondii seroprevalence estimates were the highest in Eastern Europe, whilst they were the lowest in Northern and Western Europe.

Conclusions: The estimates from the model provide a unique overview and valuable input for source attribution approaches aiming to estimate the relative contribution of different sources of T. gondii human infection. The data, with emphasis on regional and age-related T. gondii prevalence estimates, will be used as input data in a multi-country quantitative microbiological risk assessment within the TOXOSOURCES project. The work will contribute to the development of effective One Health prevention strategies.

Disclosure: This work was done as part of TOXOSOURCES and ToxSauQMRA projects, supported by funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement No 773830: One Health European Joint Programme.

Veronica Risco-Castillo¹, Sarah Hilka², Cecile Le Barzic³, Pascal Arné³
1-Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Umr Bipar, Maisons-Alfort, France,
2-National veterinary college of Alfort, Department Of Parasitology And Mycology, Maisons-Alfort, France,
3-National veterinary college of Alfort, Wildlife Hospital, Maisons-Alfort, France

Introduction: Impact of haemosporidian infection in wild birds hosted in rehabilitation centers is unknown. The objective of this work was to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated to the arrival of infected raptors and corvids to a rehabilitation center in Paris region, in order to determine their chance of recovery and release, as well as the risks of transmission to other hosted birds. We also propose sanitary measures adapted to wildlife rehabilitation centres to minimize health risks linked to haemoparasitism.

Methods: Between 2018 and 2019, 37 raptors (6 species) and 150 corvids (4 species) were blood sampled at their arrival to the wildlife hospital of the national veterinary school of Alfort (EnvA). The analysis of blood smears and blood samples DNA allowed for the morphological and molecular identification of Hemosporodia and gave an estimate for the parasitemia.

Results: The presence of Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon and Plasmodium was confirmed. Statistical analysis demonstrated an association between age and Plasmodium sp. infection. Plasmodium was predominant in corvids, and more frequently implicated in cases of co-infestations. In raptors, Leucocytozoon seems more prevalent. No impact on release succes was observed

Conclusions: Hemoparasitism in raptors and corvids at the wildlife hospital from EnvA is a largely sub-clinical infestation, and has little impact of the potential release of the birds. It is therefore crucial to determine the existence of vectors in wildlife hospitals, and to limit the risk of transmission during the rehabilitation period. Thus, it will allow for the implementation of risk management measures concerning vector control and will reduce the risk of dissemination of hemosporidies via released birds.